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Student Essay Writing Agency Was Principal And Not Agent For Vat William Zinsser’s e-book On Writing Well touches upon tips on structure and composition in a method that makes it simple even for non-professional writers to understand. A favourite amongst editors and journalists everywhere, this book has stood the test of time as more folks find new methods and avenues for his or her writing corresponding to running a blog and social media. Perhaps no self-respecting author, beginner or otherwise, may declare to not have learn this iconic book on writing. Packed with helpful ideas written in a simple and easy-to-read method, this has been a favorite go-to for both skilled and informal writers alike. Essaymama's Writing Blog provides interesting insights in addition to recommendations to assist essay writers and online customers enhance their work. For the benefit of our readers, we offer you fresh, helpful and informative content material regularly. Essay Mama is home to a broad vary of writing providers relying on your wants. Whether it is for a coursework, for content material creation on-line or for other use, we will surely allow you to provide you with the most effective content. All papers are written from scratch by our writers after which are checked for plagiarism. You also needs to indicate any special instructions or tips that you want the writer to know in order that your paper will end up precisely as how you prefer it. Everyone has a different concept on what constitutes good writing, however there are basic guidelines to make your tone and voice in writing higher have your level come across extra clearly. It just isn't an issue when you do not know sufficient in any particular area, particularly if it is one of the STEMs or any other complex subject. We hire professional writers who've high expertise in numerous disciplines. If you could have a final-minute request at 4 am, don’t fear as a result of we’ll be right here to help. Customer service is necessary to us, which is why we're right here whenever you want, we wish you to really feel fully supported every step of the best way. Only unique content â€" our essays will only be authentic and plagiarism free. Our essay writers use right referencing codecs that observe college requirements â€" at all times. Thanks to the variety of writing providers we provide, with us, each consumer can get personalized academic help based on his or her preferences and wallet capacity. We perceive that in buying a paper, you wish to ensure it’s custom-written. Track the entire strategy of writing and use the chance to communicate with the writer immediately. Spend a minute to position an order and, in return, get a lot of free time you would spend doing things which are extra essential to you now. After it has been written some essay authors will be ready to e mail you the essay. If the author does not provide this selection, you will have to wait till the essay was completed. Then it’s a fantastic concept to work with a writer somewhat than a web-based essay author in Australia should you don’t have enough time to attend. You can read numerous articles that you'll find actually useful in content creation. Anyone can sit and listing details, the trick to writing an excellent essay is to make it interesting sufficient that folks actually want to learn it. Our clients know that after they use us, they are getting a prime rated writer who won’t let them down. But don’t just take our word for that â€" have a look on the critiques left for us by our prospects. These testimonials are left by college students identical to you who return us time and again as a result of they know our writers gained’t be crushed. 24/7 support â€" our staff of writers are readily available everytime you want them, it doesn't matter what time of day. Have you been assigned to write a biography or a enterprise essay? Our specialists enhance their abilities daily and verify worldwide writing standards for each sort of paper you might be assigned. Our academic writer is an professional in your self-discipline. Are you sitting in entrance of a clean screen looking out Google on the way to format a paper in APA type? Are you prepared to copy essays from the Internet to free your self from analysis? It isn’t one of the simplest ways to do homework if you want to progress in your research! Say no to dishonest and rent properly-educated specialists who can full your paper in any writing style. We’ll cover all the topical points and current effective solutions in a completely authentic paper. When you place an order, we will assign you the author who knows the required subject greatest. Have you ever thought about asking an expert essay author to complete your paper? So sure, you would possibly discover cheap essay writers on other websites, but you will not discover any writers who will do a greater job, therefore, you won’t discover higher value for money.

Student Essay Writing Agency Was Principal And Not Agent For Vat

Student Essay Writing Agency Was Principal And Not Agent For Vat William Zinsser’s e-book On Writing Well touches upon tips on structure and composition in a method that makes it simple even for non-professional writers to understand. A favourite amongst editors and journalists everywhere, this book has stood the test of time as more folks find new methods and avenues for his or her writing corresponding to running a blog and social media. Perhaps no self-respecting author, beginner or otherwise, may declare to not have learn this iconic book on writing. Packed with helpful ideas written in a simple and easy-to-read method, this has been a favorite go-to for both skilled and informal writers alike. Essaymama's Writing Blog provides interesting insights in addition to recommendations to assist essay writers and online customers enhance their work. For the benefit of our readers, we offer you fresh, helpful and informative content material regularly. Essay Mama is home to a broad vary of writing providers relying on your wants. Whether it is for a coursework, for content material creation on-line or for other use, we will surely allow you to provide you with the most effective content. All papers are written from scratch by our writers after which are checked for plagiarism. You also needs to indicate any special instructions or tips that you want the writer to know in order that your paper will end up precisely as how you prefer it. Everyone has a different concept on what constitutes good writing, however there are basic guidelines to make your tone and voice in writing higher have your level come across extra clearly. It just isn't an issue when you do not know sufficient in any particular area, particularly if it is one of the STEMs or any other complex subject. We hire professional writers who've high expertise in numerous disciplines. If you could have a final-minute request at 4 am, don’t fear as a result of we’ll be right here to help. Customer service is necessary to us, which is why we're right here whenever you want, we wish you to really feel fully supported every step of the best way. Only unique content â€" our essays will only be authentic and plagiarism free. Our essay writers use right referencing codecs that observe college requirements â€" at all times. Thanks to the variety of writing providers we provide, with us, each consumer can get personalized academic help based on his or her preferences and wallet capacity. We perceive that in buying a paper, you wish to ensure it’s custom-written. Track the entire strategy of writing and use the chance to communicate with the writer immediately. Spend a minute to position an order and, in return, get a lot of free time you would spend doing things which are extra essential to you now. After it has been written some essay authors will be ready to e mail you the essay. If the author does not provide this selection, you will have to wait till the essay was completed. Then it’s a fantastic concept to work with a writer somewhat than a web-based essay author in Australia should you don’t have enough time to attend. You can read numerous articles that you'll find actually useful in content creation. Anyone can sit and listing details, the trick to writing an excellent essay is to make it interesting sufficient that folks actually want to learn it. Our clients know that after they use us, they are getting a prime rated writer who won’t let them down. But don’t just take our word for that â€" have a look on the critiques left for us by our prospects. These testimonials are left by college students identical to you who return us time and again as a result of they know our writers gained’t be crushed. 24/7 support â€" our staff of writers are readily available everytime you want them, it doesn't matter what time of day. Have you been assigned to write a biography or a enterprise essay? Our specialists enhance their abilities daily and verify worldwide writing standards for each sort of paper you might be assigned. Our academic writer is an professional in your self-discipline. Are you sitting in entrance of a clean screen looking out Google on the way to format a paper in APA type? Are you prepared to copy essays from the Internet to free your self from analysis? It isn’t one of the simplest ways to do homework if you want to progress in your research! Say no to dishonest and rent properly-educated specialists who can full your paper in any writing style. We’ll cover all the topical points and current effective solutions in a completely authentic paper. When you place an order, we will assign you the author who knows the required subject greatest. Have you ever thought about asking an expert essay author to complete your paper? So sure, you would possibly discover cheap essay writers on other websites, but you will not discover any writers who will do a greater job, therefore, you won’t discover higher value for money.

Face Painting in the Beijing Opera - 825 Words

Face Painting in the Beijing Opera (Essay Sample) Content: Face Painting in the Beijing Opera Students Name:Instructors Name:Course Code and Name:University:Date Assignment is due: Face Painting in the Beijing Opera The different types facial painting is a special method of makeup that has been adopted in the Chinese Operas. Among all the Chinese Operas, the Beijing Opera has developed to incorporate different types of facial painting. The Beijing opera unique charm stems from the inspiration received from the performances and the exquisite designs from the facial paintings. Having existed over a hundred and sixty years, the being opera has been extolled as the oriental opera that forms the quintessence of Chinese culture. The different types of facial painting in the Beijing Opera has developed into one of the most mature and systematic form of facial makeup through painting. It involves a scenic art that integrates performance, music, aria, literature and face painting (Barton McGregor, 2008, p. 262).The performers at th e Beijing opera have two main types of makeup that include the facial masks and the facial painting. The Opera facial painting comprise of various categories that include the personality makeup that include the facial designs or the painted faces. The personality makeups or the facial designs are also known as Lian Pu (Bonds, 2008, p. 107). The Lian Pu involves the colorful painting of the actors faces by using transformative and exaggerated figures that are beautifully decorated on the face. The Lian Pu follow various formats of facial painting that incorporate various aspects of type, color and shape. In addition, the foreheads, eyes and cheeks are usually painted like the wings of swallows, bats and butterflies. Facial painting in the Beijing opera also involves decorative makeup also known as the decorated faces. The decorative faces are common among the Jing performers who follow the painted face male role (Bonds, 2008, p. 107). The facial painting among the Jing roles are made by powdering, painting and coloring of the basic Zheng Lian or the basic face patterns. The Jing facial painting is considered a fundamental step in the Beijing Opera performance where plastering, kneading and delineating are the main methods used to paint the face. The Chou also forms one of the main facial painting in the Beijing Opera (Anderson, 2011, p. 46). The Chou follows the Clown role also known as the Xiao Hua Lian or the partly painted face. The Chou characters usually wear special face paint that is different from the Jing performers. The Chou follows a villainous or comical character where the actors nose is painted using a piece of white powder. The Chou facial painting is thus easily recognized by the white patch on the nose which includes various shapes such as a date pit, cube or bat-shaped that is painted around the nose and sometimes around the eyes. The facial painting among the Beijing performers involves various coloring and patterns derived from the tradition al Chinese color divination and symbolism, which are said to reveal the persons personality (Bonds, 2008, p. 108). Each design and color among the Beijing performers is ...

Racism And Race Critical Lens Essay - 1737 Words

Jalen Little SOC 1101 Racism and Race Critical Lens Throughout history African Americans have faced and still face many hardships. African American males in particular are often linked to negative statistics and stereotypes. In fact, they suffer more and are victims of racial profiling and racism more than any other ethnic group. Racism has a deeper meaning than most people may think. It goes beyond what the average person may think. Racism can be defined as, the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races. In particular, it stems from one person thinking that his or her race is more superior to another. An article that I read titled â€Å"Lack of two parent homes still the biggest hurdle for African American children† focused on social norms and tendencies that African Americans practice which keeps them stagnant as a race and behind. In this article George Will goes in depth and focuses on h ow it’s not society nor the systems fault when it comes to failure in the black community, Will firmly believes that the African American community isn’t prospering because of wedlock relationships and a lack of commitment to academics. In this article George Will references professor Glazer who stated, â€Å"Concentrations of the poor, the poorly educated, the unemployed and unemployable. High out-of-wedlock birth rates mean aShow MoreRelatedIs Homelessness Not Just A Problem?1714 Words   |  7 Pagestechnology is the fact that homelessness is not just a problem in the United States, it has global implications. The people that die and are displaced as a result of homelessness is a major challenge to social justice. Through the tenets of the Critical Race Theory, it’s been statistically qualified and quantified that minority groups are frequently targeted and suffer from socioeconomic neglect, resulting in homelessness. 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Advantages and Disadvantages of IOT-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Internet of things. Answer: Introduction of IoT The Internet of Vehicles Things is the chosen topic for this assignment. The association of vehicles to the Internet offers ascend to an abundance of new conceivable outcomes and also applications which convey new functionalities to the people as well as the making of transport less demanding and more secure (Cui, 2016). This report will highlight the problems, solutions, advantages, disadvantages and features related to IoT. Problems identified with IoT Representing human conduct in the plan, advancement, and operation of digital physical frameworks in self-governing vehicles is a test. Joining human-on top of it contemplations is basic to wellbeing, constancy, and consistency. There is as of now restricted comprehension of how driver conduct will be influenced by versatile activity control digital physical frameworks (Gubbi et al., 2013). Moreover, it is hard to represent the stochastic impacts of the human driver in a blended activity condition for example, that found in movement control digital physical frameworks. Expanding coordination calls for safety efforts that are not physical, but rather more consistent while as yet guaranteeing there will be no security bargain. As digital physical frameworks turn out to be more mind boggling and associations between parts expands, wellbeing and security will keep on being of principal significance. Solutions identified with IoT IoT as an inalienable piece of the vehicle control and administration framework: For this reason information from on-board sensors are gathered by a keen on-board unit and imparted by means of the Internet to the administration focus. IoT empowering movement administration and control: Cars ought to have the capacity to sort out themselves keeping in mind the end goal to dodge roads turned parking lots and to enhance drive vitality use. This might be done in coordination and participation with the framework of a brilliant city's movement control and administration framework. Also powerful street estimating and stopping expense can be critical components of such a framework (Gubbi et al., 2013). iii. IoT empowering new transport situations: A perfect arrangement might be a blend of individual vehicles, vehicle sharing, railroad, and worker frameworks (Cui, 2016). Keeping in mind the end goal to take into account consistent use and on-time accessibility of these components (counting parking spot), accessibility should be confirmed and ensured by online reservation and web based booking, in a perfect world in interaction with the previously mentioned savvy city activity administration frameworks. Features related to IoT Fleet telematics and management arrangements: Intelligently screen vehicle area, development, status, and conduct. Transport coordinations applications: Monitor and track payload conditions and developments. Reservation, toll, and ticketing frameworks: Enable robotized installment and ticketing (Skarmeta Moreno, 2013). Traveler entertainment and business: Offer intelligent retail and amusement administrations to hostage travelers. Smart vehicle apply: Intelligently course vehicles and adjust transportation foundation. Security and reconnaissance frameworks: Intelligently screen and investigate exercises at transportation centers and systems. Conceptual Diagram of IoT Fig 1: Conceptual Diagram of IoVT (Source: Skarmeta Moreno, 2013, pp. 48-53) Explanation of working of IoT Smart sensors in the street and movement control foundations need to gather data about street and activity status, climate conditions, and so on. This requires vigorous sensors (and actuators) which can dependably convey data to the frameworks said above. Such dependable correspondence should be founded on M2M correspondence conventions which consider the planning, wellbeing, and security requirements (Cui, 2016). The normal high measure of information will require refined information mining procedures. General enhancement of movement stream and vitality use might be accomplished by aggregate association among the individual vehicles. Initial steps could be the slow expansion of DATEX-II by IoT related innovations and data (Wortmann Flchter, 2015). The (worldwide) institutionalization of convention stacks and interfaces is of most extreme significance to empower monetary rivalry and certification smooth connection of various merchant items. Advantages and disadvantages of IoT Advantages: Streamline courses, efficiency, and driver profitability. Maintain a strategic distance from item decay, harm, deferrals, and burglary; upgrade steering and coordinations. Keep away from postponements and bother; present request based expenses. Create new income streams and enhance client steadfastness and traveler encounters.Advance activity streams and efficiency; maintain a strategic distance from impacts; enhance open security and portability (Zanella rt al., 2014).Ensure against safety perils, psychological militant dangers, and other security concerns. Disadvantages: Protected and secure correspondence with components at the system edge, between vehicle correspondence, and vehicle to framework correspondence. Energy sparing hearty and solid savvy sensors and actuators in vehicles and framework. Advancements for information obscurity tending to security concerns (Wortmann Flchter, 2015). Recognizing and checking basic framework components. Recognizing basic general framework states in due time. Conclusion It can be concluded from the above discourse that IoT has the vital effect on modern transportation services. The critical issues, solutions, features, advantages and disadvantages have been examined in the report. This report additionally features the IoT design with the diagram. References Cui, X. (2016). The internet of things. InEthical Ripples of Creativity and Innovation(pp. 61-68). Palgrave Macmillan, London. Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions.Future generation computer systems,29(7), 1645-1660. Skarmeta, A., Moreno, M. V. (2013, August). Internet of things. InWorkshop on Secure Data Management(pp. 48-53). Springer, Cham. Wortmann, F., Flchter, K. (2015). Internet of things.Business Information Systems Engineering,57(3), 221-224. Zanella, A., Bui, N., Castellani, A., Vangelista, L., Zorzi, M. (2014). Internet of things for smart cities.IEEE Internet of Things journal,1(1), 22-32.

Theoretically, The European Union Is A Very Good Idea, That Is The Tho

Theoretically, the european union is a very good idea, that is the thought that a group of countries can: ? Trade freely with one another ? Establish policy towards non-member countries ? Coordinate member`s general econonic and agricultural policies ? Establish free movement of labour and capital throughout the member states. The EC is governed by a council of ministers made up of 500 members, with each member state holding a proportional number of ministers by state population of the EC. The serving ministers have to be elected into office by proportional representation. The European Court of Justice is a very imporant thins that has arisen from the EC. It allows an EC citizen who feels that he or she has been treated unfairly by the justice systen in their own state, may put forward their case to the Eeuropean Court of Justice. The 11 judges that make up the court would then decide whether or not to enforce a chane in state policy The EC has been seen to be effective in the area of trade. In some cases trade income from member states has quadrupled when compared to previous trade. The EC however does have its disadvantages, the amount of money paid into the EC by member countries is very different to the amount that these countries get out of it. Another arguably bad thing to come out of the EC is the Euro. The euro is bad because: ? It offers less freedom for member governments concerning economic policies. ? Europe-wide taxes could be indroduced, this would lead to unfairness to members with a less strong economy. ? Labour markets would become less flexable, leading to a high unemployment. These points hoever are countered by the fact that the Euro would boost trade between members and throughout the world due to the simpler currency, and that tourism between members would increase. The Euro would also reduce day-to-day fluctuations in the money markets. Overall I think that the idea behind the EC is a very good one and that a united Europe would lead to an outstanding European economy, however this cannot happen unless all member countries input a proportional equal to other members. If a common currency is to be worked out the surely common systems for other things have to be worked out. For example education, opinions of graduates from member countries would not be considered as highly as someone with qualifications from the home country. I think a lot more thought needs to go into to fact that it is very hard to produce complete equailty between nations, no matter how close the two countries are.

The Cask of Amontillado Essay Essay Example

The Cask of Amontillado Essay Essay Example The Cask of Amontillado Essay Essay The Cask of Amontillado Essay Essay Rocio Cruz Professor Fred Kille English 102 February 3, 2013 The Cask of Amontillado Essay â€Å"A wrong is unredressed when retribution overtakes its redresser. It is equally unredressed when the avenger fails to make himself as such to him who has done the wrong† Some people are driven to do wrong by enviousness and Edgar Allan Poe’s short story â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is one good example of such. The story tells the event of the murder of Fortunato in the hands of Montresor, the narrator. Although many critics argue that Montresor acted out of self- righteousness, one cannot conclude such due to the lack of credibility that can be accounted to him and his malice. Montresor is an unreliable, malicious narrator who shows to have contrasting feelings of guilt and remorse towards his crime against killing Fortunato. Montresor, through his own telling of the events, showed not only that he is not accountable for credibility but he also showed that his main motif to kill Fortunato was enviousness. Perhaps the most revealing reason to asses that Montresor is not a just person is that he lacked evidence to condemn Fortunato. For instance, Montresor opens the story by saying â€Å"the thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge. † These latter lines are all the reader knows of Fortuno’s presumed crime which suggests that there was no concrete wrongdoing from Fortuno after all; therefore revealing that Montresor acted without proof and out of malice. In further support of the claim that the narrator is bad-natured is that he also shows to be a cynic. Throughout the story he constantly refers to Fortunato as â€Å"my friend†. The fact that Montresor does not use negative words to refer to Fortunato tells the audience that he is attempting to protect his self-image and that he acted with hypocrisy. By the same token, the way Montresor talks about Fortuno conveys that he was somewhat envious. While they were already in Montreso’s mansion, he admits to Fortuno â€Å"your health is precious. You are rich, respected, admired, beloved; you are happy, as once I was†. This words are enough to disclose that Montreso was jealous of the place that Fortunato held in society; perhaps implying that Montresor himself once occupied the same place. Not only does Montresor show that he murdered Fortunato unjustifiably but he also seems to live with mixed feelings of guilt and remorse. Following his atrocity, the narrator of the story seems to live with guilty responsibility of killing Fortunato counteracting what many people believe. Montresor’s remorse came right after the crime was committed. â€Å"There came forth in return only a jingling of the bells. My heart grew sick-on account of the dampness of the catacombs,† says Montresor. To clarify, the narrator first admits that he felt unease in his heart and then, almost like trying to convince himself, he attributes this feeling to the â€Å"dampness of the catacombs† showing that his conscience was the true causer of this heart â€Å"sickness†. Another clue that tells the reader that Montresor felt guilty is that, although no one certainly knows who the intended audience of the story is, he is conceivably justifying himself to God. In the first paragraph of the story, Montresor says, â€Å"You, who so well know the nature of my soul, will not suppose, however, that I gave utterance to a threat†. By admitting that â€Å"You† knows â€Å"the nature of [his] soul† the reader can draw the conclusion that it might be someone divine who he is talking to for who else would know him so well? In the same manner, he is asking this divine being to not judge his crime so heavily for he did not simply â€Å"give utterance to a threat†. Likewise, another fact that serves as evidence that Montresor is that he is telling the events fifty years later. This goes to show that the event has haunted the narrator for half a century since he not only recalls everything but is taking the time to tell the story. The narrator of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† showed, through his own telling of the events, not only an unreliable narrator but also an envious man that is now living in remorse. The events that led to the assassination of Fortunato do not excuse Montresor as he believes they do. From the way in which Montresor â€Å"brags† his â€Å"perfect crime† the reader can draw the conclusion that he is not but a malicious member of society who tries to justify his wrongdoings by attributing them to the honor of him and his famiy.

Persuasion and Influence 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Persuasion and Influence 1 - Assignment Example The second item was a dress for my niece. I had bought the dress because that brand was running a campaign for educating the poor in Africa and 10% of the dress price was to be donated to the cause! Hence, it made me feel good that I am also part of that campaign. The two unplanned purchases had actually upset my weekly budget and as a result, that week, we had to cut down on our regular fruit diet. I realized that because of my irrational decision, my family had to compromise on essential food item. Indeed, consumer behavior is need based which is exploited by marketers (Arnould et al., 2004). Hence, I decided that I would rationalize my buying and stick to list. The perfume that was on offer of the day was actually not so as three weeks back, my friend had also bought the same perfume at same price! Indeed, they are marketing gimmicks that are essentially designed to tempt consumers (Edwin and Douglas, 2008). Thereafter, during my weekly shopping, I would wave my list in front of the salesperson and move forward to complete my shopping. I found this technique to be very

American history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

American history - Essay Example Under Brigham Young the Church took a more aggressive view of self-defence, especially when under attack from Native American tribes. The Spanish-American war, however, split the Mormon church with different factions taking sides both for and against participation in the war. Eventually, the policy evolved. In the final analysis, this war marked the end of Mormons believing themselves to be separate from other American citizens. They agreed to be ruled by the Commander-in-Chief. The agreed to fight in war when required and to stand up for both their faith and their country when called to do so. This was certainly a turning point in the history of the Mormon Church and its role in the United States. This article offers a reappraisal of the Spanish-American war. The idea that is commonly said of this war is that it was a short, minor conflict that provided a big boost to the American ego. In truth it was not an easy war to win, nor was America properly prepared for it. Additionally, its consequences would last for many years to come and shape much of America throughout the 20th century. While prosecuting and concluding this war, Roosevelts goal was to strengthen and preserve American power around the world. He took an aggressive approach towards doing this as he did in many aspects of his life. He felt that democracy and capitalism were well worth preserving and fighting for. Indeed, Roosevelt would have agreed with E.H. Carr who wrote a few years later about political realism. Utopianism is unrealistic. It supposes that a perfect world can be created by men and that is one of our goals on Earth. Carr was a realist: he believed the world is not perfectible and that efforts to do so will end in failure and sometime calamity. The political system contains too many variables for any person or group to control. The League of Nations was a good example of this. The problems of the

The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy Essay Example for Free

The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy Essay Summarize a situation that required U.S. diplomatic efforts during President Reagan’s time in office.  The situation that required U.S. diplomatic involvement was the Reagan Doctrine. In the 1980 election, Ronald Reagan advocated the elimination of all assistance to the Nicaraguan government. As a candidate, he ran on a platform that condemned the Marxist Sandinista takeover of Nicaragua and pledged support for the efforts of the Nicaraguan people to establish a free and independent government. Once Reagan took over the Presidency, high-ranking policy makers suspended and then canceled economic aid to Nicaragua. The administration began to formulate more coercive measures. President Ronald Reagan took office determined to do something about what he considered a growing tide of Soviet expansionism. To do so, his administration developed a strategy to aid anti-Soviet insurgencies in the Third World in their attempts to overthrow Marxist regimes (Alan Riding, 1980). In February 1981, when Robert McFarlane (then assistant to Secretary of State Alexander Haig) submitted a proposal for a coordinated political, economic, military, and covert approach to the Central American crisis (El Salvador and Nicaragua), the issue reached the White House. Eventually labeled the Reagan Doctrine, the strategy had matured enough by 1985 for the president to assert that the United States must not break faith with those who are risking their liveson every continent, from Afghanistan to Nicaragua to defy Soviet supported aggression. In 1986 President Reagan declared, America will support with moral and material assistance, your right not to fight and die for freedom, but to fight and win freedom in Afghanistan, in Angola, in Cambodia, and in Nicaragua. However, a conflict developed over the application of the Reagan Doctrine to Nicaragua, where rebels known as the contras opposed the Sandinista government, which came to  power in a successful revolution in 1979. This conflict reflected the high priority assigned the issue by the president and the intense scrutiny given the policy by Congress. Since the policy making process extended over several years and included many players, the Nicaragua case makes for a splendid study in the American foreign policy making process (Scott, James M., 1997). Explicate the diplomatic doctrine the president followed, with reference to specific actions or events that occurred. During the Reagan’s first term, the Soviet leadership changed from Leonid Brezhnev to Yuri Andropov to Konstantin Cherenkov. Over that four year period, Reagan maintained his hardline rhetoric about the Soviet Union even referring to it in a Florida speech as an evil empire. He also launched a massive military expansion program, as President John Kennedy had done twenty years earlier, to impress Soviet leaders that he intended to deal with them from a position of strength in Europe, Asia, and Africa, where they had made significant gains in Angola, Mozambique, and Ethiopia. He believed he had a clear mandate from the American people to reverse the trend of the previous decade and make America militarily strong and politically decisive in foreign policy. During President Reagans time in office the Reagan doctrine was in affect, which involved military and material support for indigenous resistance movements struggling to overthrow Soviet-sponsored tyrannies. The Reagan administration supported such guerrillas in Afghanistan, Cambodia, Angola and Nicaragua in efforts to â€Å"rollback† the Soviet empire. In addition, President Reagan worked with the Vatican and the international wing of the AFL-CIO to keep alive the Polish trade union solidarity, despite a ruthless crackdown by General Wojciech Jaruzelski’s regime. During this time in 1983 President Reagan ordered American troops to invade Grenada and liberate the island from its ruling Marxist dictator. In 1983 President Reagan also announced the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), a new program to research, and eventually deploy missile defenses that offered the promise, in Reagans words, of making nuclear weapons obsolete. (Luard, Evan. 1987) Describe the effects of these diplomatic efforts for the U.S. and other countries. A primary achievement was reestablishment of a strong relationship with  NATO. When President Reagan came to office, European governments mistrusted the United States because of what they perceived as President Carters indecisiveness in foreign policy and excessive moralizing about human rights. President Reagan reversed those perceptions, even though he shocked many Europeans with his strong anti-Soviet rhetoric. NATO leaders applauded his defense buildup and the forceful way in which he handled the decision to proceed with INF deployments despite intense Soviet pressure against the move and massive demonstrations in Europe by antinuclear groups (J T Rourke, C T Guilford, 1991). President Reagan established a particularly strong relationship with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher by supporting her effort to regain control of the Falkland Islands in 1982. He did so in the face of strong opposition by Washingtons Latin American allies, which supported Argentinas seizure of the islands by force, and some opposition within his administration. However the major drawback of President Reagans doctrine was that it antagonized some of the other countries. Assess, in conclusion, the advantages and disadvantages of the particular doctrine that was followed.  In conclusion the advantages of the Reagan doctrine are the relative low cost of supporting guerilla forces compared to the Soviet Union’s expenses in the build up of client states. Another was the lack of direct involvement of American troops, which allowed the U.S. to confront Soviet allies without any casualties. Another was the fact that President Reagan was able to build up our military forces for other countries to take note that we are a force to be reckoned with. However the disadvantages is that policies such as our support of the fighters in Afghanistan created possibilities for blowback as people armed by the United States did not necessarily share the interests of the United States beyond resisting Soviet influence. One might also argue that it perpetuated, even added to, a military-industrial complex that soaks up billions in budget spending. Then, of course, there was the fact that American money and weapons went toward killing people around the world, which scarcely enhanced the image of the country. The major drawback of Reagans doctrine was that it antagonized some of the other countries. Summarize events between the U.S. and at least one (1) of the countries you wrote about in the first paper since the end of the Cold  War. In summary the events that took place between the U.S. and Nicaragua had taken place from 1981-1986. The first event was that the U.S. ended aid to Nicaragua after finding evidence the Nicaragua, Cuba, and the Soviet Union where supplying arms to Salvadorian rebels, The second event was the U.S. House of representatives passed the Boland Amendment which prohibits the U.S. from supplying the Nicaraguan contras with arms for overthrowing the Sandinista government. The third event is when the CIA mines Nicaragua’s harbors in a covert operation. Both U.S. enemies and allies condemn the action. Nicaragua sues the U.S. in the world court, and in June 1986 the court finds the U.S. guilty of violating International law. The fourth event is Daniel Ortega, leader of the FSLN, is â€Å"elected† president of Nicaragua. The fifth event is that the U.S. suspends talks with Nicaragua. U.S. president Ronald Reagan describes the Nicaragua contras as â€Å"Freedom Fighters† and compares them to America’s founding fathers. President Reagan initiates economic sanctions against Nicaragua. The sixth event was the U.S. congress approves humanitarian aid package for the Nicaraguan contras. The seventh event that took place was a plane carrying a U.S. military supply to the contras was shot down and the only American survivor is captured. And finally the U.S. government announces that contrary to the Boland Amendment the U.S. has been providing military aid to the contras. The supplies were purchased with funds diverted from the sales of U.S. arms to Iran. This would come to be known as the Iran-contra affair. Identify and describe the current relationship between the U.S. and one (1) of the cou ntries you wrote about in the first paper. The U.S. Government has clearly stated that the November 2011 elections marked a setback to democracy in Nicaragua and undermined the ability of Nicaraguans to hold their government accountable. The United States has promoted national reconciliation, encouraging Nicaraguans to resolve their problems through dialogue and compromise. It recognizes as legitimate all political forces that abide by the democratic process and eschew violence. U.S. assistance is focused on strengthening democratic institutions; stimulating sustainable economic growth; supporting the health and basic education sectors; and increasing the effectiveness of Nicaraguas efforts to combat transnational crimes, including narcotics trafficking, money laundering, illegal alien smuggling, international terrorist and criminal organizations, and trafficking in persons. Key U.S. policy goals for Nicaragua also include improving respect for human rights and resolving outstanding high-profile human rights cases; and developing a free market economy with respect for property and intellectual property rights (U.S. Department of State, Diplomacy in Action, 2011). Select a country you did not write about in the first paper, and describe the current U.S. diplomatic approach to the country. First, the United States simply did not have a diplomatic mission to Iraq that could have taken on public diplomacy responsibilities in 2003 because the United States severed its diplomatic relations with Iraq following that countrys invasion and occupation of Kuwait in 1990. In the absence of civilian human infrastructure that could have taken on public diplomacy and other civilian tasks, the Bush Administration turned to the US military which possessed a readily available and deployable capability to meet this crucial need. Since the 2003 US invasion and occupation of Iraq, a country that poses the most challenging and important test of American engagement in the region, the American military has led public diplomacy efforts throughout the country. Following the invasion, the US military began conducting many forms of public affairs and public diplomacy (PD) functions throughout Iraq. Military Public Affairs Officers held press conferences, engaged American and foreign journalists, organized cultural events, and highlighted the positive aspects of the United States continued presence in Iraq, among other significant public diplomacy activities. Needless to say, these are not functions normally conducted by the US military (S. E. Duggan, 2012). Contrast and compare the two (2) relationships The relationship between the United States of America and The Republic of Iraq are currently guided by two historic agreements: a Strategic Framework Agreement (SFA) that covers our overall political, economic, and security  relationship with Iraq, and a Security Agreement – otherwise known as the Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) – that implements our security relationship. Both agreements protect U.S. interests in the Middle East, help the Iraqi people stand on their own, and reinforce Iraqi sovereignty. However the relationship between the United States of America and Nicaragua relations, the bilateral relationship, though tense at times, appears to be generally intact. One cause of tension has been President Ortega’s tendency to vacillate between anti-U.S. rhetoric and reassurances that he will respect private property and pursue free-trade policies. The United States provides significant foreign assistance to Nicaragua, and the two countries cooperate on counter narcotics, trade, and security matters. The relationships between the two countries and the U.S. as you can see are different, however the U.S. tends to help anyone and everyone that asks for it. The United States of America has spent billions of dollars helping these two countries get back on their feet. Using the (2) countries as examples summarize how the U.S. has changed the way it relates to other countries in the past 20 years. American political culture has changed considerably in the past twenty years, particularly with regard to American foreign policy and its relationship with the rest of the world. Your text discusses the debates surrounding the issue of â€Å"exporting democracy† to other parts of the world; this debate encompasses the humanitarian, economic, and political ramifications of the spread of democratic regimes. The changes in American political culture over the last twenty years have impacted this debate, and have affected the role that America plays in the world at large. References Alan Riding, Central Americans Split on U.S. Voting, New York Times, 4 August 1980 Scott, James M., Political Science Quarterly, Interbranch rivalry and the Reagan Doctrine in Nicaragua. 00323195, Summer97, Vol. 112, Issue 2 Luard, Evan. International Affairs. Autumn87, Vol. 63 Issue 4, p563. 12p. J T Rourke, International Politics on the World Stage, Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing Group, 1991, pp 295-296, 307-308. U.S. Department of State, Diplomacy in Action, 2011, www.state.gov Duggan, Sean E. Middle East Journal. Winter2012, Vol. 66 Issue 1, p53-78. 26p. Nuechterlein, Donald E., Perspectives on Political Science, The Reagan doctrine in perspective.10457097, Winter90, Vol. 19, Issue 1 McDermott, Rose. Journal of Cold War Studies. Fall2002, Vol. 4 Issue 4, p29-59. 31p. DOI: 10.1162/15203970260209509. Roskin M.G., Berry N.O. The New World Of International Relations. 2010, Pearson Education Company, Ch4, p58-59.

Language Codes :: Papers

Language Codes The construct of elaborated and restricted language codes was introduced by Basil Bernstein in 1971, as a way of accounting for the relatively poor performance of working-class pupils on language-based subjects, when they were achieving as well as their middle-class counterparts on mathematical topics. Interestingly, it was stimulated directly by his experience of teaching in further education. It is frequently misunderstood, largely because of Bernstein's unfortunate choice of labels. The "restricted" code does not refer to restricted vocabulary, and the "elaborated" code does not entail flowery use of language. There is an issue of "linguistic impoverishment" in the educational problems of some pupils, but Bernstein is not on the whole concerned with such extreme cases. One of Bernstein's research studies involved showing a group of children a strip cartoon and recording their account of what it depicted. Some said things like: "They're playing football and he kicks it and it goes through there it breaks the window and they're looking at it and he comes out and shouts at them because they've broken it so they run away and then she looks out and she tells them off" while others said: "Three boys are playing football and one boy kicks the ball and it goes through the window the ball breaks the window and the boys are looking at it and a man comes out and shouts at them because they've broken the window so they run away and then that lady looks out of her window and she tells the boys off." (from Bernstein, 1971 p 203 [re-arranged]) As Bernstein points out, the first account makes good sense if you have the strip cartoon in front of you, but means much less without it. This is an example of restricted code. The second can "stand on its own", and is an example of elaborated code. See Bernstein's own work for detailed accounts of the research behind the construct.

Network Security Analysis Essay

This article is concerned about network security. It mentions about the present situation of network security and an analysis of the reason that lead to unsafe network environment. Then the article introduces two frequently used protocols in network security: HTTP (Hypertext Transport Protocol) and HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer), then compare them and give a brief conclusion. On the other side, the article introduces how firewall protects network security in hardware aspects. Keywords: Network; Security; Analysis; Countermeasures 1. Introduction As technology develops, network is getting more and more mature. It is known to all that security is the second step after that a successful network has been deployed. 1.1 Situation of Computer Network Security With the rapid development of the Internet and the widespread application, the number of computer viruses, Trojan horses is explosive growth. According to Jinshan drug gangsters â€Å"cloud security† center monitoring statistics show that in 2008, Jinshan drug gangsters were intercepted more and more new viruses, Trojans, which grew up 40% compared with 2007. The center statistics also show that 90% of the virus infected users, this attachment web pages that humans are enjoying the network information with the great wealth and convenient at the same time, also be the severe beset by problems of network information security. The lure of wealth that hackers attack is no longer a kind of personal interest, but more and more become an organized, interest driven career crime. Its main means has: online professor viruses, Trojan horses production technology and various network attack technology; Online exchange, trafficking and rental viruses, Trojan horses, zombie network; Online customized viruses, Trojan horses; Internet theft behavior (account Numbers game, bank accounts, QQ number, etc.), sell the trumpets; Internet fraud and extortion; Through the network business platform money laundering profit, etc. Attackers need technical level gradually decrease, means more flexible, joint attacks increase rapidly. Trojan viruses, Trojan virus writers, professional hack personnel, sales channels, professional players have been formed complete gray industrial chain. 1.2 Threats to Computer Network Security The threat to computer network security includes attacks by hackers and computer virus. It mostly presents in the following aspects. Firstly, send fake E-mails to users. It is a common way to cheat the account and password by posing as legitimate websites. Secondly, damage caused by viruses is also a common phenomenon. For e.g. when virus gets into computer, it will cover our hard disk with useless data. Thirdly, it’s about unauthorized accessing. This mainly refers to the normal use or oversteps their authority to use the network equipment and information resources. Fourthly, damage the integrity of the database. Fifthly, interfere with the normal running of the systems. Finally, communication lines are tapped and people are not familiar about safety of network security. The first situation doesn’t occur in common. However, awareness of maintain computer network security is really important. In the article, it mainly analyzes several common situations and introduces what the threat is and how it works. 1.3 Countermeasures of Network Security As network security has a lot of loopholes, people create a lot of methods to protect network. On the side of hardware, people begin to use firewall to protect network. On the side of software, a lot of tools and technologies have been used in this area, such as router filtering. The article introduces how firewall works and two similar protocols: HTTP and HTTPS. By comparing these two protocols, we will find the development of technology. 1.4 Importance of the Study of Network Security It’s important for securing ones computer, keeping important data and profile information protected. Careful web surfing habits may keep you from being a victim of virus attacks and malware, however this is an intensely risky activity and very often people may end up with an infected computer. Some good anti-virus programs will help to keep your computer protected and safe, but users must remember to keep this updated regularly for better protection over new viruses. 2. Related Work 2.1 Network Security Network security consists of the provisions and policies adopted by a network administrator to prevent and monitor unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or denial of a computer network and network-accessible resources. Network security involves the authorization of access to data in a network, which is controlled by the network administrator. Users choose or are assigned an ID and password or other authenticating information that allows them access to information and programs within their authority. Network security covers a variety of computer networks, both public and private, that are used in everyday jobs conducting transactions and communications among businesses, government agencies and individuals. Networks can be private, such as within a company, and others which might be open to public access. Network security is involved in organizations, enterprises, and other types of institutions. It does as its title explains: It secures the network, as well as protecting and over seeing operations being done. The most common and simple way of protecting a network resource is by assigning it a unique name and a corresponding password. 2.2 ISO/OSI model The International Standards Organization (ISO) Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) Reference Model defines seven layers of communications types, and the interfaces among them. (See Figure 1.) Each layer depends on the services provided by the layer below it, all the way down to the physical network hardware, such as the computer’s network interface card, and the wires that connect the cards together. People develop a lot of protocols to each layer. Such as PPTP/L2TP to linked layer, IPSEC to network layer, TLS/SSL to transfer layer. Each protocol includes security information that helps network transfer safer and safer. 2.3 IPV4 protocol The protocol contains a couple aspects which caused problems with its use. These problems do not all relate to security. They are mentioned to gain a comprehensive understanding of the internet protocol and its shortcomings. The causes of problems with the protocol are: 1. Address Space 2. Routing 3. Configuration 4. Security 5. Quality of Service The lack of embedded security within the IPv4 protocol has led to the many attacks seen today. Mechanisms to secure IPv4 do exist, but there are no requirements for their use. IPsec is a specific mechanism used to secure the protocol. IPsec secures the packet payloads by means of cryptography. IPsec provides the services of confidentiality, integrity, and authentication. This form of protection does not account for the skilled hacker who may be able to break the encryption method and obtain the key. 2.4 Types and Sources of Network Threats Denial-of-Service, unauthorized access, executing commands illicitly, confidentiality breaches and destructive behavior are common type of threats to network security. The sources of network threats include 3 aspects. Firstly, the invasion of bad information and pollution. Network is open, even borderless space information network of people in the rich cultural life, but also to the illegal dissemination of information or indecent information provided soil British Middlebury Seck Griffith University, Professor Di Mulai study found that in non-academic information on the Internet, 47% of pornography on These content without restriction for people feel free to browse, not only seriously jeopardize the health of young people, and poison the social atmosphere and hinder the building of a harmonious society in China. In addition, the network’s openness and freedom are often some criminals use, or dissemination of endangering national security, to subvert the government, disrupting social order and security of information, or information network organizing rallies and other anti-social activities. Secondly, Internet ‘hackers’ and computer crime. Hacker wanton rampage information networks, technology and the consequences of its invasion of escalating their use of technical means, or attacks on government sites or military organization’s Web site and endanger national security interests, undermine government image; or steal business, financial institutions, business information to profit illegally, endangering the economic order; or steal personal confidential information, violation of privacy or stolen cash. These acts seriously impede the normal operation of information networks. In addition to outside hackers the use of the Internet, the rampant crime and tort. The use of computer information network system to implement theft, fraud or corruption, embezzlement and other crimes than the traditional criminal methods and tools more subtle complexity, and violation of trade secrets with the network, electronic communications freedoms, civil Privacy and damage the reputation of others and other events are also frequent. Online pyramid schemes, online fraud, etc. These crimes have been on the network posed a serious threat to network security. Thirdly, the existence of their own network security vulnerabilities and risks. Freedom to share and open spirit of the Internet, but also the charm of the Internet The Internet is based on TCP / IP protocol, network devices, operating systems with networking capabilities and openness about the existence inherent vulnerability In addition, the software in the design, it is inevitable there are some defects or flaws, which has become a prime target for hackers, while software programmers deliberately left the ‘back door’ has become a major network security risks network These weaknesses of their own existence, to bring the work of anti-hacker considerable difficulty: on the one hand difficult for scientists to develop a common and effective network security for the protection of technical means on the other hand the lack of implementation of these measures sufficient to protect the social environment. 3. Methods 3.1 Analysis of Network Security System and network technology is a key technology for a wide variety of applications. Security is crucial to networks and applications. Although, network security is a critical requirement in emerging networks, there is a significant lack of security methods that can be easily implemented. There exists a â€Å"communication gap† between the developers of security technology and developers of networks. Network design is a well-developed process that is based on the Open Systems Interface (OSI) model. The OSI model has several advantages when designing networks. It offers modularity, flexibility, ease-of-use, and standardization of protocols. The protocols of different layers can be easily combined to create stacks which allow modular development. The implementation of individual layers can be changed later without making other adjustments, allowing flexibility in development. In contrast to network design, secure network design is not a well-developed process. There isn’t a methodology to manage the complexity of security requirements. Secure network design does not contain the same advantages as network design. When considering network security, it must be emphasized that the whole network is secure. Network security does not only concern the security in the computers at each end of the communication chain. When transmitting data the communication channel should not be vulnerable to attack. A possible hacker could target the communication channel, obtain the data, decrypt it and re-insert a false message. Securing the network is just as important as securing the computers and encrypting the message. When developing a secure network, the following need to be considered: 1. Access – authorized users are provided the means to communicate to and from a particular network. 2. Confidentiality – Information in the network remains private. 3. Authentication – Ensure the users of the network are who they say they are 4. Integrity – Ensure the message has not been modified in transit 5. Non-repudiation – Ensure the user does not refute that he used the network Here we mainly discuss fake websites. Fake websites means phishing. Phishing is attempting to acquire information (and sometimes, indirectly, money) such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication. Communications purporting to be from popular social web sites, auction sites, online payment processors or IT administrators are commonly used to lure the unsuspecting public. Phishing is typically carried out by e-mail spoofing or instant messaging, and it often directs users to enter details at a fake website whose look and feel are almost identical to the legitimate one. Phishing is an example of social engineering techniques used to deceive users, and exploits the poor usability of current web security technologies. Attempts to deal with the growing number of reported phishing incidents include legislation, user training, public awareness, and technical security measures. Once a victim visits the phishing website, the deception is not over. Some phishing scams use JavaScript commands in order to alter the address bar. This is done either by placing a picture of a legitimate URL over the address bar, or by closing the original address bar and opening a new one with the legitimate URL. An attacker can even use flaws in a trusted website’s own scripts against the victim. These types of attacks (known as cross-site scripting) are particularly problematic, because they direct the user to sign in at their bank or service’s own web page, where everything from the web address to the security certificates appears correct. In reality, the link to the website is crafted to carry out the attack, making it very difficult to spot without specialist knowledge. Just such a flaw was used in 2006 against PayPal. A Universal Man-in-the-middle (MITM) Phishing Kit, discovered in 2007, provides a simple-to-use interface that allows a phisher to convincingly reproduce websites and capture log-in details entered at the fake site. To avoid anti-phishing techniques that scan websites for phishing-related text, phishers have begun to use Flash-based websites. These look much like the real website, but hide the text in a multimedia object. 3.2 Firewall’s Protection A firewall can either be software-based or hardware-based and is used to help keep a network secure. Its primary objective is to control the incoming and outgoing network traffic by analyzing the data packets and determining whether it should be allowed through or not, based on a predetermined rule set. A network’s firewall builds a brigade between an internal network that is assumed to be secure and trusted, and another network, usually an external (inter)network, such as the Internet, that is not assumed to be secure and trusted. In general, some functions that can be done by the firewall are: 1. Doing a packet filter firewall can make the decision whether to accept or reject the incoming data packets. 2. Hiding Network Address (NAT) IP addresses can be used on the internet is a public IP. So to create a client that uses private IP can be translated into public IP. These functions are performed by a firewall, known as NAT. 3. Monitoring and Logging to improve network security and logging on the terms monitoring by a firewall. 3.3 Protocols of Network Security Network security protocols are used to protect computer data and communication in transit. The primary tool used to protect information as it travels across a network is cryptography. Cryptography uses algorithms to encrypt data so that it is not readable by unauthorized users. Generally, cryptography works with a set of procedures or protocols that manage the exchange of data between devices and networks. Together, these cryptographic protocols enhance secure data transfer. Without cryptographic network security protocols, Internet functions such as e-commerce would not be possible. Secure communication is necessary because attackers try to eavesdrop on communications, modify messages in transit, and hijack exchanges between systems. Some of the tasks networks security protocols are commonly used to protect are file transfers, Web communication, and Virtual Private Networks (VPN). The most common method of transferring files is using File Transfer Protocol (FTP). A problem with FTP is that the files are sent in clear text, meaning that they are sent unencrypted and therefore able to be compromised. For example, many webmasters update their sites using FTP; an attacker using a packet sniffer and the website’s IP address can intercept all communications between the webmaster and the site’s server. Here we mainly discuss two similar protocols: HTTP and HTTPS. The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web. Hypertext is a multi-linear set of objects, building a network by using logical links (the so called hyperlinks) between the nodes (e.g. text or words). HTTP is the protocol to exchange or transfer hypertext. The standards development of HTTP was coordinated by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), culminating in the publication of a series of Requests for Comments (RFCs), most notably RFC 2616 (June 1999), which defines HTTP/1.1, the version of HTTP in common use. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is a combination of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) with the SSL/TLS protocol. It provides encrypted communication to prevent eavesdropping and to securely identify the web server with which you are actually communicating. Historically, HTTPS connections were primarily used for payment transactions on the World Wide Web, e-mail and for sensitive transactions in corporate information systems. In the late 2000s and early 2010s, HTTPS began to see widespread use for protecting page authenticity on all types of websites, securing accounts and keeping user communications, identity and browsing history private.